Preface Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Section I: Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Defining Targum 3 The Seven Rules of Targum 4 Rabbinic Literature Section II: The Pentateuchal Targums 5 Pentateuchal Targums: The Basics 6 Sources of the Palestinian Targums 7 Targum Onqelos and the Targums of Israel 8 The Pentateuchal Targums in Rabbinic Literature 9 Dating the Targums of Israel Section III: The Targums of the Prophets and the Writings 10 Targum Jonathan of the Prophets: Its Development as Revealed by the Targum of Isaiah 11 Targum Jonathan: Former and Latter Prophets 12 Targums to the Writings Section IV: The Targums in Late-Antique Judaism 13 Aramaic in Judaism 14 Targums and Translation in the History of Rabbinic Literature 15 Targum as Scripture and Hidden Interpretation 16 Ancient Scripture Translations Section V: The Targums and Early Christianity 17 Comparing the Targums and the New Testament 18 The Aramaic Retroversion of Jesus Sayings 19 The Fourth Gospel and Targumic Memra Section VI: Conclusions and Prospects 20 Genesis 22 in the Targumim and in Early Jewish and Christian Interpretation 21 Targums in the Rabbinic World and Beyond Appendix A: The Parallel Expansions of Genesis 28a50 Appendix B: A Guide to Babylonian Pointing Glossary Bibliography Index